It seems that something is definitely wrong with your Temp folder, but I wouldn't know what, or how to repair it. Check the permissions for that folder.
Meanwhile one final idea: perhaps the MSI installer may not require that Temp folder: http://ardownload.adobe.com/pub/adobe/reader/win/11.x/11.0.00/en_US/AdbeRdr11000_en_US.msi (English version 11.0.0 for Windows).